Lisbon

Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, has a rich and diverse history that spans thousands of years. Here is an extensive look at the history of Lisbon, highlighting key events and developments.

### Ancient and Pre-Roman Era

Lisbon's history stretches back to ancient times. Archaeological evidence suggests that the area was settled as early as the Neolithic period. The city’s name is believed to have originated from the pre-Roman name "Olissipo." According to legend, Ulysses, the Greek hero of Homer's Odyssey, founded the city and named it Ulissipo or Olissipo.

### Roman Period

Lisbon, known as Olisipo during the Roman period, became an important city in the Roman province of Lusitania. The Romans constructed numerous buildings, roads, and aqueducts, some of which remain today. Olisipo was known for its strategic location and was an important center for trade and commerce.

### Visigoth and Moorish Rule

After the decline of the Roman Empire, Lisbon was ruled by the Visigoths in the early 5th century. In 711, the Moors, or Muslim forces from North Africa, conquered Lisbon. Under Moorish rule, the city flourished as a major trading hub. The Moors introduced new agricultural practices, architecture, and cultural influences, which significantly impacted Lisbon's development.

### The Reconquista and the Birth of Portugal

In 1147, during the Second Crusade, Lisbon was recaptured from the Moors by King Afonso I of Portugal and his crusader allies. This event marked the beginning of Christian rule and the integration of Lisbon into the emerging Portuguese nation. The city became a significant port for commerce and military activities, and its importance grew steadily.

### The Age of Discoveries

The 15th and 16th centuries, known as the Age of Discoveries, were a golden era for Lisbon. Portugal's explorers, such as Vasco da Gama and Ferdinand Magellan, embarked on voyages that expanded Portuguese influence across the globe. Lisbon became a bustling hub for explorers, traders, and scholars.

1. **Vasco da Gama’s Voyage**: In 1497, Vasco da Gama set sail from Lisbon, discovering the sea route to India. This voyage was crucial for establishing Portuguese colonies in Asia and enhancing trade.
2. **Economic Boom**: Lisbon’s wealth increased with the spice trade, precious metals from Africa and South America, and other valuable goods. The influx of wealth led to the construction of grand buildings and monuments, including the Jerónimos Monastery and the Belém Tower.

### The 1755 Earthquake

One of the most significant events in Lisbon’s history was the devastating earthquake on November 1, 1755. The earthquake, followed by a tsunami and fires, destroyed much of the city and killed tens of thousands of people.

1. **Reconstruction**: The Marquis of Pombal, the Prime Minister at the time, led the city's reconstruction. He implemented modern urban planning principles, including wide streets, large squares, and earthquake-resistant buildings. The Baixa district, characterized by its grid pattern, is a direct result of these efforts.

### 19th Century and Liberal Movements

The 19th century was a period of political turmoil and change in Lisbon. The city experienced several revolutions and power shifts, influenced by the Napoleonic Wars and the liberal movements sweeping across Europe.

1. **French Invasion**: Lisbon was occupied by French forces under Napoleon in 1807 but was liberated by British and Portuguese troops in 1808.
2. **Liberal Wars**: The Liberal Wars (1828-1834), a civil war between liberal constitutionalists and conservative absolutists, deeply affected Lisbon. The city played a crucial role as a center for liberal thought and political activity.

### 20th Century: Republic and Dictatorship

The 20th century saw significant political and social changes in Lisbon.

1. **Republican Revolution**: In 1910, the Portuguese monarchy was overthrown, and the First Portuguese Republic was established. Lisbon became the capital of the new republic, which aimed to modernize and democratize the country.
2. **Estado Novo**: In 1926, a military coup led to the establishment of the Estado Novo, an authoritarian regime under António de Oliveira Salazar. Lisbon was the center of government and experienced limited development during this period.
3. **Carnation Revolution**: On April 25, 1974, the Carnation Revolution, a peaceful coup, overthrew the Estado Novo regime. This revolution led to the establishment of a democratic government and significant social and political reforms. The revolution’s name came from the peaceful nature of the coup, where soldiers placed carnations in the barrels of their guns.

### Modern Era

Since the Carnation Revolution, Lisbon has undergone extensive modernization and development. The city embraced its historical heritage while looking towards the future.

1. **European Union**: Portugal joined the European Union in 1986, which brought economic development and increased international cooperation. Lisbon benefited from EU funds for infrastructure and urban projects.
2. **Expo '98**: In 1998, Lisbon hosted the World Expo, which transformed the eastern part of the city into the Parque das Nações, a modern district with recreational, residential, and business areas.
3. **Cultural Revival**: Lisbon has seen a cultural revival in recent years, becoming known for its vibrant arts scene, diverse cuisine, and historical sites. The city has become a popular tourist destination, celebrated for its unique blend of tradition and modernity.

### Notable Landmarks and Cultural Heritage

Lisbon’s rich history is reflected in its numerous landmarks and cultural heritage sites:

1. **Belém Tower**: A UNESCO World Heritage site, this fortress symbolizes Portugal’s Age of Discoveries.
2. **Jerónimos Monastery**: Another UNESCO World Heritage site, this monastery is a masterpiece of Manueline architecture.
3. **São Jorge Castle**: Overlooking the city, this historic castle offers insights into Lisbon’s past.
4. **Baixa District**: Rebuilt after the 1755 earthquake, this area is known for its Pombaline architecture and urban planning.
5. **Alfama**: The oldest district in Lisbon, known for its narrow streets, traditional houses, and Fado music.

### Contemporary Lisbon

Today, Lisbon is a dynamic and cosmopolitan city. It hosts a diverse population and is known for its rich cultural life, historical landmarks, and thriving tech and startup scene. The city continues to balance its historical heritage with modern development, making it a vibrant and attractive destination for tourists and residents alike.

1. **Tourism**: Lisbon has become one of Europe’s top travel destinations, attracting millions of visitors each year with its history, culture, and scenic beauty.
2. **Innovation**: The city has emerged as a tech hub, hosting major events like the Web Summit and fostering a growing startup ecosystem.
3. **Sustainability**: Lisbon is also focusing on sustainability and green initiatives, aiming to become a greener, more livable city for future generations.

Lisbon’s history is a testament to its resilience, adaptability, and enduring charm. From ancient times through periods of exploration, disaster, political upheaval, and modernization, Lisbon has continually reinvented itself while preserving its unique character and cultural heritage.